Iron age genomic data from Althiburos - Tunisia renew the debate on the origins of African taurine cattle.

The Maghreb is a key region for understanding the dynamics of cattle dispersal and admixture with local aurochs following their earliest domestication in the Fertile Crescent more than 10,000 years ago. Here, we present data on autosomal genomes and mitogenomes obtained for four archaeological specimens of Iron Age (∼2,800 cal BP-2,000 cal BP) domestic cattle from the Eastern Maghreb, i.e. Althiburos (El Kef, Tunisia). D-loop sequences were obtained for an additional eight cattle specimens from this site. Maternal lineages were assigned to the elusive R and ubiquitous African-T1 haplogroups found in two and ten Althiburos specimens, respectively. Our results can be explained by post-domestication hybridization of Althiburos cattle with local aurochs. However, we cannot rule out an independent domestication in North Africa considering the shared ancestry of Althiburos cattle with the pre-domestic Moroccan aurochs and present-day African taurine cattle.

Genome-wide assessment of the population structure and genetic diversity of four Portuguese native sheep breeds.

As the effects of global warming become increasingly complex and difficult to manage, the conservation and sustainable use of locally adapted sheep breeds are gaining ground. Portuguese native sheep breeds are important reservoirs of genetic diversity, highly adapted to harsh environments and reared in low input production systems. Genomic data that would describe the breeds in detail and accelerate the selection of more resilient animals to be able to cope with climatic challenges are still lacking. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 37 animals from four Portuguese native sheep breeds (Campaniça, Bordaleira Serra da Estrela, Merino Branco and Merino Preto) and 19 crossbred sheep to make inferences on their genomic diversity and population structure. Mean genomic diversities were very similar across these breeds (.30 ≤ Ho ≤ .34; .30 ≤ He ≤ .35; 1.7 × 10-3 ≤ π ≤ 3.1 × 10-3) and the levels of inbreeding were negligible (.005 ≤ FIS ≤ .038). The Principal Components, Bayesian clustering and Treemix analyses split the Portuguese breeds in two main groups which are consistent with historical records: one comprising Campaniça and Serra da Estrela together with other European and transboundary dairy breeds; and another of the well-differentiated multi-purpose Merino and Merino-related breeds. Runs of homozygosity analyses yielded 1,690 ROH segments covering an average of 2.27 Gb across the genome in all individuals. The overall genome covered by ROH segments varied from 27,75 Mb in Serra da Estrela to 61,29 Mb in Campaniça. The phylogenetic analysis of sheep mitogenomes grouped the Portuguese native breeds within sub-haplogroup B1a along with two animals of the Akkaraman breed from Turkey. This result provides additional support to a direct influence of Southwest Asian sheep in local breeds from the Iberian Peninsula. Our study is a first step pertaining to the genomic characterization of Portuguese sheep breeds and the results emphasize the potential of genomic data as a valid tool to guide conservation efforts in locally adapted sheep breeds. In addition, the genomic data we generated can be used to identify markers for breed assignment and traceability of certified breed-products.

COVID-19 e as catadoras de materiais recicláveis: precarização da vida e saúde frente ao medo da fome ou o risco do contágio / COVID-19 and waste pickers: precariousness of life and health in the face of fear of hunger or the risk of contagion

Este artigo aborda as experiências das catadoras de materiais recicláveis diante das implicações provocadas pela pandemia da COVID-19 em uma associação no Distrito Federal (DF). O objetivo principal foi compreender a situação de vida precária das mulheres catadoras inseridas em uma desigualdade sistêmica e institucional do capitalismo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma etnografia que combinou técnicas de observação, interação e escuta (conversas informais e entrevistas semiestruturadas). Através disso, permitiu-se o acompanhamento do cotidiano de vida dessas mulheres, desde a instauração de uma das maiores crises sanitária da humanidade até o período do retorno às atividades laborais. Os resultados revelaram que as catadoras estão inseridas na lógica de precarização da vida sendo que as condições foram agravadas com a chegada do novo coronavírus quando aumentou a vulnerabilidade relacionada ao vínculo de trabalho informal, a insalubridade e os riscos à saúde inerentes à ocupação e às dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde e assistência social. O contexto mostra uma lida complexa relacionada ao medo do desemprego, às dificuldades e às barreiras do ingresso no mercado de trabalho e de manutenção da própria subsistência. Sobretudo, isso agravou-se de forma mais intensa diante da ausência de políticas e programas voltados para elas: o Estado fez pouco para a redução dos impactos da pandemia em suas vidas. Assim, a crise sanitária instaurada refletiu a fragilidade delas em face ao ciclo da reciclagem. Este fato demonstra a necessidade urgente de ações governamentais que abarquem esse grupo social tanto no momento da pandemia quanto pós-pandemia da COVID-19, visando superar a invisibilidade social

This article addresses the experiences of women waste pickers in the face of the implications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in an association in the Distrito Federal (DF). The main objective was to understand the precarious life situation of women waste pickers inserted in a systemic and institutional inequality of capitalism. For that, an ethnography was carried out that combined observation and listening techniques (informal conversations and semi-structured interviews). Through this, it was possible to monitor the daily life of these women, from the onset of one of the greatest health crises in humanity until the period of return to work activities. The results revealed that the waste pickers are inserted in the logic of precariousness of life, and the conditions were aggravated with the arrival of the new coronavirus when the vulnerability related to the informal work bond, the unhealthy conditions and health risks inherent to the occupation and the difficulties increased. access to health and social assistance services. The context shows a complex deal related to the fear of unemployment, the difficulties and barriers to entering the labor market and maintaining one's livelihood. Above all, it worsened more intensely in the face of the absence of policies and programs aimed at them, the State did little to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on their lives. Thus, the established health crisis reflected their fragility in the face of the recycling cycle. This fact demonstrates the urgent need for government actions to embrace this social group, both during the pandemic and post-pandemic of COVID-19, aiming to overcome social invisibility

Dyslexia and developmental language disorder: cognitive-linguistic differences in reading / Dislexia e transtorno do desenvolvimento da linguagem: diferenças cognitivo-linguísticas na leitura / Dislexia y trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje: diferencias cognitivo-lingüísticas en lectura

Reading comprehension is a product of the performance of both decoding ability and language comprehension. The difficulty in reading comprehension may be due to a deficit in any of these skills. The study aimed to verify the underlying reading skills in two clinical groups, Developmental Dyslexia (DD) and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), seeking their similarities and differences. The sample included children from the early years of schooling. Both groups were assessed for reading comprehension skills, word reading speed, phonological processing and comprehension, and language production. The comparison between the two groups showed that the groups were similar in phonological skills but differed in oral language comprehension and production skills. In this ability, the DD group had a higher performance compared to the DLD group. The study concluded that different forms of intervention are necessary to supply the specific weaknesses of each group.

A compreensão da leitura é produto do desempenho das habilidades de decodificação e compreensão da linguagem. A dificuldade de compreensão da leitura pode ser a consequência de um déficit em qualquer uma dessas habilidades. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar as habilidades subjacentes de leitura em dois grupos clínicos, dislexia do desenvolvimento (DD) e transtorno do desenvolvimento da linguagem (TDL), buscando suas similaridades e diferenças. A amostra foi de crianças nos anos iniciais da escolarização. Avaliaram-se os grupos em compreensão leitora, velocidade de leitura de palavras, processamento fonológico e compreensão e produção de linguagem. Os resultados das comparações entre os dois grupos mostraram que eles foram similares nas habilidades fonológicas, mas diferiram nas habilidades de compreensão e produção da linguagem oral. Nesta habilidade, o grupo DD obteve maior desempenho quando comparado ao grupo TDL. Concluiu-se que diferentes formas de intervenção são necessárias para suprir as fragilidades específicas de cada grupo.

La comprensión lectora es un producto del desempeño de la capacidad de decodificación y la comprensión del lenguaje. La dificultad en la comprensión lectora puede ser la consecuencia de un déficit en cualquiera de estas habilidades. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar las habilidades de lectura subyacentes en dos grupos clínicos, dislexia del desarrollo (DD) y trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje (TDL), buscando sus similitudes y diferencias. La muestra fueron niños de los primeros años de escolaridad. Los grupos fueron evaluados en comprensión lectora, velocidad de lectura de palabras, procesamiento fonológico, comprensión y producción del lenguaje. Los resultados de la comparación entre los dos grupos mostraron que los grupos eran similares en habilidades fonológicas, pero diferían en las habilidades de comprensión y producción del lenguaje oral. En esta capacidad, el grupo DD tuvo un mayor rendimiento en comparación con el TDL. Se concluyó que son necesarias diferentes formas de intervención para suplir las debilidades específicas de cada grupo.

New trajectories or accelerating change? Zooarchaeological evidence for Roman transformation of animal husbandry in Northern Italy.

Throughout the Western provinces of the Roman Empire, greater economic and political connectivity had a major impact on agricultural production, which grew in scale and specialisation after integration with the Roman state. However, uniquely in Western Europe, farming strategies in Italy began to evolve centuries before the Roman conquest, and many 'Roman' patterns associated with livestock size and the relative proportions of different taxa first emerged during the early and middle centuries of the first millennium BC. These changes imply a significant reorganisation of production strategies well before Roman hegemony, even in relatively marginal areas of Italy. Zooarchaeological studies have documented further significant changes to livestock production in Roman times, but the relationship between these developments and earlier trends remains unclear. Through analysis of zooarchaeological data for species representation and livestock biometry from lowland northern Italy (Po-Friulian Plain), this study investigates animal exploitation between the Bronze Age and Late Antiquity in order to characterise the influence of Roman political and economic organisation on animal husbandry. Results demonstrated subregional variation in species representation, and different trajectories in the biometric evolution of cattle, sheep and goats, compared to pigs. Initial steps established in the Iron Age towards a more complex and dynamic livestock economy were accelerated and further reconfigured in Roman times, facilitated by Roman economic organisation and the specialised and large-scale production systems within it. Zooarchaeological trends continued to progress over the Roman period, until further changes at the very end of the chronology considered here-around the sixth century AD-suggest another wave of change. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-020-01251-7.

Resilience and livestock adaptations to demographic growth and technological change: A diachronic perspective from the Late Bronze Age to Late Antiquity in NE Iberia.

There are strong interactions between an economic system and its ecological context. In this sense, livestock have been an integral part of human economies since the Neolithic, contributing significantly to the creation and maintenance of agricultural anthropized landscapes. For this reason, in the frame of the ERC-StG project 'ZooMWest' we collected and analyzed thousands of zooarchaeological data from NE Iberia. By considering these data in comparison with ecological indicators (archaeobotanical remains) and archaeological evidence (settlement characteristics and their distribution) this paper seeks to characterize changes in animal production and the relationship between people, livestock, and their environment. These methods allow for an investigation of the topic at different scales (site, zone, territory) with a broad diachronic perspective, and for consideration of orography and cultural traditions alongside climatic factors. Through this integration of various streams of evidence, we aim to better understand the structure of ancient economic systems and the way they conditioned human decision-making on animal production. Results show a shifting relationship with the territory between the Bronze Age and Late Antiquity, in which market requirements and an economic model with a higher degree of integration increasingly influenced husbandry strategies. These processes are reflected in changes in land use and forms of territorial occupation, although along different rhythms and trajectories.

Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age.

Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.

Trajetórias assistenciais de idosos em uma região de saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Healthcare pathways of the elderly in one health region in the Federal District, Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo foi identificar as trajetórias assistenciais de idosos em uma região de saúde do Distrito Federal e suas percepções acerca desses percursos. Pesquisa qualitativa que analisou, com base na metodologia de caso traçador, 14 percursos assistenciais de idosos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com idosos e cuidadores, processadas por análise de conteúdo; e consulta a prontuários. Mapas das trajetórias descritas foram elaborados por geoprocessamento. Identificou-se que o percurso real feito pelos idosos difere do previsto na legislação, e que as fragilidades apontadas estiveram relacionadas à difícil acessibilidade, ao deficit de profissionais, à falta de medicamentos e ao tempo de espera para atendimento na atenção especializada. As potencialidades relatadas pelos idosos envolveram humanização no atendimento, tais como o bom acolhimento por parte da equipe, a construção de vínculos e escuta qualificada, e sensação de bem-estar após as consultas. Apesar de o modelo de atenção ainda ser fragmentado e estar distante da situação ideal, os usuários se sentem satisfeitos com os cuidados recebidos, evidenciando aspectos positivos no processo do cuidar em saúde. Entretanto, a organização de processos de trabalho e a articulação entre os níveis de atenção à saúde precisam ser revistas e adequadas às especificidades desse ciclo de vida.

ABSTRACT The aim was to identify the healthcare pathways of the elderly in one health region in the Federal District and their perceptions about these pathways. A qualitative study analyzed 14 healthcare pathways of elderly people, using tracer methodology. Interviews were conducted with the elderly and caregivers, processed by content analysis; and medical records were reviewed. Maps of the paths described were prepared by geoprocessing. It was found that the actual healthcare pathways taken by the elderly differ from what law would predict, and that the weaknesses detected were related to poor accessibility conditions, lack of professionals, lack of medicines, and the long waiting time for specialized health care. The expectations reported by the elderly involved humanization of care, emerging elements such as being well received by the personnel, the building of bonds, qualified listening, and a feeling of well-being after the medical consultation. Although the care model is still fragmented and far from ideal, users feel satisfied with the care provision and identify positive aspects in the health care process. However, the organization of work processes and the articulation between levels of health care need to be reviewed and adapted to the specificities of this life phase.

Research ethics and Indigenous Peoples: Repercussions of returning Yanomami blood samples.

This work presents the case of the Yanomami indigenous people from Brazil that were the object of US ethnography initiated in the 1960s. The research brought harmful repercussions to the life of the Indigenous people of Brazil for several decades, and it took more than 40 years until the beginning of a process of reparation involving the Brazilian government and American universities. Objective: to discuss the meaning of the return of Yanomami blood samples, as well as contributions from the epistemologies of traditional Indigenous knowledge to the debate about research ethics and the structuring of means for the social control of researchers and the protection of participants in scientific studies, having as an example the Yanomami indigenous people from Brazil, subjected to noxious ethnography in the 1960s and the 1970s. This work used data reports recorded in secondary sources. In this article we argue that Bioethics needs to further diversify its epistemological foundations and to consider epistemologies and cosmologies beyond the frontiers of Western science, as the case of the abusive research involving the Yanomami indigenous people in Brazil reveals. We argue that traditional knowledge, such as those of indigenous and quilombolas, with their epistemologies and cosmologies, are fundamental for the election of less colonized and more efficient principles of research ethics, regarding the protection of the participants' rights in scientific studies. Traditional indigenous populations can teach us a great deal about doing research.

Desenvolvimento de tecnologia dura para tratamento do pé diabético: um estudo de caso na perspectiva da saúde coletiva / Development of hard technology for the treatment of diabetic foot: a case study from the perspective of public health

RESUMO Este é um estudo de caso que objetivou analisar, na perspectiva da saúde coletiva, o processo de desenvolvimento do equipamento médico para o tratamento do pé diabético realizado pela parceria entre o Ministério da Saúde (MS) e a Universidade de Brasília (UnB) no período de dezembro de 2016 a janeiro de 2019. A análise observou o comportamento do grupo de pesquisa responsável pela produção da tecnologia dura mediante as dificuldades em transformar a pesquisa em um produto com viés mercadológico capaz de ser assimilado na cobertura do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), concomitantemente à participação da saúde coletiva na superação de alguns entraves. Utilizou-se como estudo de caso a parceria entre o MS e a UnB apoiado no modelo de investigação qualitativa com ênfase em processos metodológicos de tipologia mista, mas com prioridade aos métodos de observação participante cuja unidade de análise está vinculada à saúde coletiva. Os resultados observados evidenciaram que a contribuição da saúde coletiva na produção da tecnologia dura minimizou lacunas para a provável transformação da ideia em produto assimilável pelo SUS. A participação da saúde coletiva diminuiu os espaços entre as áreas do conhecimento envolvidas, aproximando a universidade da iniciativa privada e dos órgãos reguladores.

ABSTRACT This is a case study that is aimed at analyzing, from the perspective of public health, the process of development of medical equipment for the treatment of diabetic foot performed by the partnership between the Ministry of Health (MS) and the University of Brasilia (UnB) from December 2016 to January 2019. The analysis observed the behavior of the research group responsible for the production of hard technology in the face of the difficulties in transforming the research into a product with market potential that can be assimilated into the coverage of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), concomitantly with the participation of public health in overcoming some barriers. The partnership between MS and UnB was used as a case study, supported in the qualitative research model with emphasis on methodological processes of mixed typology, but prioritizing participatory observation methods whose unit of analysis is linked to public health. The results showed that the contribution of public health on the production of hard technology minimized gaps for the probable transformation of the idea into a product assimilated by SUS. The participation of public health narrowed the gaps between the areas of knowledge involved, bringing the university closer to a private initiative and regulating institutions.

Papel do vocabulário para as habilidades de compreensão leitora / Role of vocabulary for reading comprehension skills / Papel del vocabulario para las habilidades de comprensión lectora

O presente estudo explorou a relação da medida de vocabulário da Escala WISC-III com as habilidades de precisão de leitura de palavras e de compreensão de texto, com 174 crianças, matriculadas no 3º e 4º anos do ensino fundamental. Identificou-se evidência de predição do vocabulário na compreensão de texto, mesmo depois do controle da precisão de leitura de palavras, da consciência fonológica e morfológica, e da memória de curto prazo. O mesmo não foi encontrado para a leitura de palavras. Os resultados indicam que o vocabulário medido pelo teste do WISC-III se relaciona com as habilidades de leitura, mas tem papel preditivo apenas na compreensão de texto. Esses achados são discutidos à luz da teoria do Modelo Simples de Leitura e da Hipótese Qualidade Lexical. (AU)

The present study explored the relationship of the WISC-III Vocabulary measure with the skills of word reading and reading comprehension in 174 children enrolled in the 3rd and 4th grades of Elementary School. Evidence of prediction of vocabulary in reading comprehension was identified, even after controlling for word reading, phonological awareness, short-term memory, and morphological awareness. The same was not found for the skill of word reading. The results indicate that the WISC-III vocabulary relates to reading skills, but has a predictive role only in text comprehension. These findings are discussed in light of the Simple Reading Model theory and the Lexical Quality Hypothesis. (AU)

En el presente estudio fue analizada la relación de la medida de vocabulario de la Escala WISC-III con las habilidades de comprensión de lectura y de texto, participando 174 niños, matriculados en 3º y 4º año de Enseñanza Primaria. Se encontraron evidencias de predicción de vocabulario en la comprensión de texto, inclusive después de controlar otras variables como precisión lectora de palabras, conciencia fonológica, memoria de corto plazo y conciencia morfológica. La misma evidencia no fue encontrada en la lectura de palabras. Los resultados indican que el vocabulario medido por el WISC-III se relaciona con las habilidades de lectura, pero tiene un papel predictivo sólo en la comprensión de texto. Estos hallazgos son discutidos a la luz de la teoría del Modelo de Lectura Simple y la Hipótesis Calidad Léxica. (AU)

Evaluation of micro-level managementof older person carein primary healthcenters in a health region in the Federal District of Brazil. / Avaliação da microgestão em Unidades Básicas de Saúde em ações para idosos em uma região de saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasil.

Primary health centers (PHCs) should consider the demographic and epidemiological profile of the health region to respond to population aging and structure service delivery around networks based on macro and micro-level management to ensure the provision of comprehensive services. A normative evaluation of micro-level management in four PHCs in a health region in the Federal District of Brazil was conducted to inform the development of recommendations for enhancing the delivery of comprehensive and integrated long-term care for older persons. A management evaluation matrix was used where management stages were classified as advanced, intermediate and incipient. The findings show that none of the PHCs were at the advanced stage, three were at the intermediate stage, and one at the incipient stage. The lowest scores were obtained for the subdimensions care model (which was shown to be predominantly traditional) and humanization (fragmentation of care). Lack of infrastructure and staff absenteeism were shown to be constraining factors, while effective communication with local administrators was as facilitating factor. Improvements need to be made in micro-level management to enhance the delivery of comprehensive and timely care to older persons in this health region.

As Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) devem considerar o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico de sua região de saúde para se adequar ao envelhecimento populacional e se estruturar em redes, cujas bases estão na macro e microgestão, com vistas à integralidade da atenção. Foi conduzida avaliação normativa da microgestão de quatro UBS de uma Região de Saúde do Distrito Federal (DF) para posterior proposta de melhorias para ações voltadas a idosos. Utilizou-se matriz de avaliação da gestão, cuja classificação resultou em: avançada, intermediária e incipiente. Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma UBS está em estágio Avançado, três em Intermediário e uma Incipiente. Menores pontuações foram quanto ao Modelo de Atenção (maiormente tradicional) e à Humanização (com fragmentação do cuidado). Estrutura física deficitária e absenteísmo de profissionais foram dificultadores. Comunicação efetiva com gestão local foram identificadas como facilitadores. As UBS necessitam de avanços na microgestão para a qualificação do cuidado ofertado, principalmente quanto à implementação de modelo de atenção cuja integralidade seja atingida, de modo a ser garantido acesso oportuno e resolutivo para a população idosa nesta região de saúde.

Avaliação da microgestão em Unidades Básicas de Saúde em ações para idosos em uma região de saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Evaluation of micro-level managementof older person carein primary healthcenters in a health region in the Federal District of Brazil

Resumo As Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) devem considerar o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico de sua região de saúde para se adequar ao envelhecimento populacional e se estruturar em redes, cujas bases estão na macro e microgestão, com vistas à integralidade da atenção. Foi conduzida avaliação normativa da microgestão de quatro UBS de uma Região de Saúde do Distrito Federal (DF) para posterior proposta de melhorias para ações voltadas a idosos. Utilizou-se matriz de avaliação da gestão, cuja classificação resultou em: avançada, intermediária e incipiente. Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma UBS está em estágio Avançado, três em Intermediário e uma Incipiente. Menores pontuações foram quanto ao Modelo de Atenção (maiormente tradicional) e à Humanização (com fragmentação do cuidado). Estrutura física deficitária e absenteísmo de profissionais foram dificultadores. Comunicação efetiva com gestão local foram identificadas como facilitadores. As UBS necessitam de avanços na microgestão para a qualificação do cuidado ofertado, principalmente quanto à implementação de modelo de atenção cuja integralidade seja atingida, de modo a ser garantido acesso oportuno e resolutivo para a população idosa nesta região de saúde.

Abstract Primary health centers (PHCs) should consider the demographic and epidemiological profile of the health region to respond to population aging and structure service delivery around networks based on macro and micro-level management to ensure the provision of comprehensive services. A normative evaluation of micro-level management in four PHCs in a health region in the Federal District of Brazil was conducted to inform the development of recommendations for enhancing the delivery of comprehensive and integrated long-term care for older persons. A management evaluation matrix was used where management stages were classified as advanced, intermediate and incipient. The findings show that none of the PHCs were at the advanced stage, three were at the intermediate stage, and one at the incipient stage. The lowest scores were obtained for the subdimensions care model (which was shown to be predominantly traditional) and humanization (fragmentation of care). Lack of infrastructure and staff absenteeism were shown to be constraining factors, while effective communication with local administrators was as facilitating factor. Improvements need to be made in micro-level management to enhance the delivery of comprehensive and timely care to older persons in this health region.

Todos os testes de compreensão leitora avaliam o mesmo construto? / Do all reading comprehension tests evaluate the same construct?

Há uma tendência em considerar os testes de compreensão de texto como se todos estivessem medindo o mesmo construto. O objetivo do estudo é discutir, através de evidências de estudos empíricos, a suposição assumida de que diferentes tipos de testes de compreensão de texto medem diferentes habilidades subjacentes. Primeiramente, foi abordado o ponto de vista teórico. Posteriormente, as evidências empíricas de estudos internacionais, mostrando que existem variações nas contribuições das habilidades básicas (como a decodificação de palavra) e daquelas relacionadas à compreensão linguística, nos diferentes testes de compreensão de texto: Cloze, reconto, múltipla escolha e perguntas abertas. Em seguida, a conclusão de que deve haver cautela nas escolhas dos testes de compreensão de texto, tendo em mente exatamente o que se deseja avaliar.

There is a tendency to consider text comprehension tests as if they are all measuring the same construct. The aim of the study is to discuss, through evidence from empirical studies, the assumed assumption that different types of text comprehension tests measure different underlying abilities. Firstly, it was approached from a theoretical point of view. The empirical evidence of international studies shows that there are variations in the contributions of basic skills (such as word decoding) and those related to linguistic comprehension, in the different tests of text comprehension: Cloze, recto, multiple choice and open questions. Then conclude that there should be caution in the choices of text comprehension tests, keeping in mind exactly what one wishes to evaluate.

Consciência morfológica e ortografia. Uma relação para além da consciência fonológica? / Morphological awareness and spelling. A relationship beyond phonological awareness? / La conciencia morfológica y la ortografía. Una relación más allá de la fonológica?

Este estudo investigou a contribuição única da consciência morfológica em palavras com diferentes regras ortográficas no português do Brasil. Participaram do estudo 114 crianças do 2º e 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública. As crianças foram avaliadas quanto ao seu conhecimento ortográfico por meio de um ditado de palavras com diferentes dificuldades ortográficas (regras contextuais, morfológicas e palavras irregulares), consciência fonológica, consciência morfológica e inteligência (verbal e não verbal). Os resultados mostraram que, para ortografia de palavras com regras contextuais, morfológicas e irregulares, a consciência morfológica tem uma contribuição pequena, mas independente da consciência fonológica. A contribuição da consciência fonológica foi maior nas palavras contextuais e morfológicas. Nas palavras com ortografias irregulares, a contribuição da consciência morfológica foi maior do que a fonológica. Esses resultados sugerem que o conhecimento explícito das unidades mínimas de significado na palavra pode ser uma habilidade chave para o desenvolvimento da ortografia.(AU)

This study investigates the unique contribution of morphological awareness in the different spellings of the Portuguese in Brazil. The study included 114 children of 2 and 4 years of elementary education at a public school. The children were evaluated on orthographic knowledge measure by spelling test with different orthographic difficulties, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities. The results showed that morphological awareness has a small but independent contribution of phonological awareness for spelling words with contextual, morphological and irregular rules. The influence of phonological awareness was higher in contextual and morphological words. In the words with irregular spellings, morphological awareness of the contribution was higher than the phonological awareness. These results suggest that awareness of minimum units of meaning in the word can be a key skill for the spelling development.(AU)

Este estudio investigó la contribución única de la conciencia morfológica en palabras con diferentes reglas ortográficas en el portugués de Brasil. El estudio incluyó a 114 niños de 2 y 4 años de educación primaria en una escuela pública. Los niños fueron evaluados en cuanto a su conocimiento ortográfico por medio de un dictado de palabras con diferentes dificultades ortográficas (reglas contextuales, morfológicas y palabras irregulares), conciencia fonológica, conciencia morfológica e inteligencia (verbal y no verbal). Los resultados mostraron que la conciencia morfológica tiene una pequeña contribución más independiente de la conciencia fonológica de las palabras de ortografía contextuales y reglas morfológicas irregulares. El influencia de la conciencia fonológica fue mayor en palabras contextuales y morfológicos. En las palabras con ortografía irregular conciencia morfológica de la contribución era más alta que la conciencia fonológica. Estos resultados sugieren que el conocimiento explícito de las unidades mínimas de significado en la palabra puede ser una habilidad clave para el desarrollo de la ortografía.(AU)

O aborto e uma história de vida: Cuidar de si, filhos e parceiros em circulação / Abortion and a life story: Taking care of yourself, children and partners in circulation / El aborto y una historia de vida: cuidarse de sí, hijos y parejas en circulación

Resumo Este artigo pretende discutir, a partir de um relato biográfico, a prática de aborto em contexto popular enquanto estratégia de cuidar de si. Para tanto, analisa a história de vida de Helena, uma mulher de camada popular, marcada pela violência de gênero e a desigualdade social. Trata das leituras e das práticas de eventos da vida sexual e reprodutiva como "regra", "fazer descer", "abortar", "ter filhos" e "ter companheiro", com o intuito de compreender o manejo empreendido entre códigos hegemônicos, usos cotidianos e modos de sobrevivência da solidão e da violência.

Abstract This article discusses the practice of abortion in a popular context as a strategy of caring for oneself, by analyzing the life story of Helena, a working class woman whose trajectory is marked by gender violence and social inequality. It deals with the understanding and practices of sexual and reproductive life events, such as "menses", "provoking menstruation", "abortion", "having children" and "having a partner", in order to understand the management undertaken at the intersection of hegemonic codes, daily practices, and modes of surviving solitude and violence.

Resumen Este artículo pretender discutir, a partir de una biografía, la práctica del aborto en un contexto popular como uno de los modos de una cuidarse a sí misma. Por eso, analiza la historia de vida de Helena, una mujer de estrato popular, marcada por la violencia de género y por la desigualdad social. Por eso, son abordadas las interpretaciones de eventos de la vida sexual y reproductiva como la "regla", "hacer bajar la menstruación", "abortar", "tener hijos" y "estar en pareja", para comprender el manejo de códigos sociales hegemónicos, sus usos cotidianos y modos de sobrevivencia a la solitud y a la violencia.

Narrativa feminina sobre o aborto: estratégias do cuidar de si em contexto popular

Esse artigo aborda a prática de aborto em contexto popular. Foi utilizado o método biográfico, o qual problematiza a relação entre o indivíduo e o contexto social e histórico em que está inserido. O objetivo não é apresentar dados representativos sobre mulheres que abortam, mas por meio de um relato biográfico obter as interpretações que a entrevistada faz sobre a sua própria experiência como explicação para um comportamento social, o qual é conflituoso e contraditório. Conclui­se que a prática do aborto é usado como uma forma de cuidado e deveriam realizá-la de maneira menos arriscada para as vidas dessas mulheres e sem a imposição social que cria pecadoras e criminosas, como ficam sendo apontadas pela sociedade

Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA.

Taxonomic over-splitting of extinct or endangered taxa, due to an incomplete knowledge of both skeletal morphological variability and the geographical ranges of past populations, continues to confuse the link between isolated extant populations and their ancestors. This is particularly problematic with the genus Equus. To more reliably determine the evolution and phylogeographic history of the endangered Asiatic wild ass, we studied the genetic diversity and inter-relationships of both extinct and extant populations over the last 100,000 years, including samples throughout its previous range from Western Europe to Southwest and East Asia. Using 229 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region, an approach which allowed the inclusion of information from extremely poorly preserved ancient samples, we classify all non-African wild asses into eleven clades that show a clear phylogeographic structure revealing their phylogenetic history. This study places the extinct European wild ass, E. hydruntinus, the phylogeny of which has been debated since the end of the 19th century, into its phylogenetic context within the Asiatic wild asses and reveals recent mitochondrial introgression between populations currently regarded as separate species. The phylogeographic organization of clades resulting from these efforts can be used not only to improve future taxonomic determination of a poorly characterized group of equids, but also to identify historic ranges, interbreeding events between various populations, and the impact of ancient climatic changes. In addition, appropriately placing extant relict populations into a broader phylogeographic and genetic context can better inform ongoing conservation strategies for this highly-endangered species.

Decisões contraditórias: motivos que levam o familiar cuidador a omitir o diagnóstico de câncer / Contradictory decisions: reasons that lead the family caregiver to omit cancer diagnosis

Objetivo: conhecer os motivos/razões que levam o familiar cuidador a omitir o diagnóstico de câncer para apessoa doente. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em um hospital escola, com seis familiares cuidadores, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada gravada. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado a Proposta Operativa. Resultados: identificou-se que os familiares-cuidadores apresentaram dificuldades na compreensão do que é o câncer; referiram repassar ao enfermo as informações que julgam não serem prejudiciais à saúde, para poupá-lo do sofrimento; ainda demonstram expectativa de esclarecimento sobre as questões técnicas da doença e o apoio emocional para o enfrentamento do processo de adoecimento por parte da equipe de saúde. Conclusão: o estudo mostrou a necessidade de a Enfermagem fortalecer os cuidados com a informação sobre a doença para o paciente e a família, empoderando-os para a tomada de decisões.

Past climate changes, population dynamics and the origin of Bison in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Climatic and environmental fluctuations as well as anthropogenic pressure have led to the extinction of much of Europe's megafauna. The European bison or wisent (Bison bonasus), one of the last wild European large mammals, narrowly escaped extinction at the onset of the 20th century owing to hunting and habitat fragmentation. Little is known, however, about its origin, evolutionary history and population dynamics during the Pleistocene. RESULTS: Through ancient DNA analysis we show that the emblematic European bison has experienced several waves of population expansion, contraction, and extinction during the last 50,000 years in Europe, culminating in a major reduction of genetic diversity during the Holocene. Fifty-seven complete and partial ancient mitogenomes from throughout Europe, the Caucasus, and Siberia reveal that three populations of wisent (Bison bonasus) and steppe bison (B. priscus) alternately occupied Western Europe, correlating with climate-induced environmental changes. The Late Pleistocene European steppe bison originated from northern Eurasia, whereas the modern wisent population emerged from a refuge in the southern Caucasus after the last glacial maximum. A population overlap during a transition period is reflected in ca. 36,000-year-old paintings in the French Chauvet cave. Bayesian analyses of these complete ancient mitogenomes yielded new dates of the various branching events during the evolution of Bison and its radiation with Bos, which lead us to propose that the genetic affiliation between the wisent and cattle mitogenomes result from incomplete lineage sorting rather than post-speciation gene flow. CONCLUSION: The paleogenetic analysis of bison remains from the last 50,000 years reveals the influence of climate changes on the dynamics of the various bison populations in Europe, only one of which survived into the Holocene, where it experienced severe reductions in its genetic diversity. The time depth and geographical scope of this study enables us to propose temperate Western Europe as a suitable biotope for the wisent compatible with its reintroduction.